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Séquence 2 · Art for art's sake? Oscar Wilde and the scandal of Dorian Gray

Should art be judged by moral standards?

Bonjour !

Dans cette séquence de langues, littératures et cultures étrangères (anglais), tu vas chercher à répondre à la grande question écrite en haut de la page. Elle se fait en 2 séances. Pour chaque séance : lis la consigne, étudie les documents, réponds aux questions sur ta feuille ou sur l'ENT, puis recopie l'essentiel dans ton cahier. Tu peux imprimer cette page avec le bouton « Imprimer ».

À la fin, je serai capable de :

Les mots importants

Aestheticism, « art for art's sake »aphorism, paradox, epigramdandy, Decadencecensorship, public morality, Victorian valuesinfluence, temptation, Faustian pact

Ressources de la séquence

Les notions, les repères et les pistes pour aller plus loin, utiles pour toutes les séances.

Les notions à maîtriser

Aestheticism
Movement (Pater, Wilde, Whistler) for which art has no purpose but beauty: « art for art's sake ».
Aphorism
Short, striking statement of a general truth: the whole preface is made of aphorisms.
Paradox
Statement that seems absurd but contains a truth: « Even things that are true can be proved ».
Dandy
Man who makes his life and appearance a work of art (Lord Henry, Wilde himself).
Decadence
Fin de siècle movement fascinated by refinement, artifice and moral transgression.
Censorship
Control of what may be published; in 1895 the novel was used as evidence against Wilde.

Repères

DateÉvénement
1873Walter Pater, Studies in the History of the Renaissance: the source of English Aestheticism.
1890First version of the novel in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine; hostile reviews.
1891Revised book edition, with the preface (first published in The Fortnightly Review).
1895Wilde's trials; he is sentenced to two years of hard labour.

Pour aller plus loin

Sources et bibliographie

Mon parcours : je choisis mon rythme

Séance 1 · There is no such thing as a moral book: the preface

65 min

Séance approfondie : cours développé, documents sourcés, activités exigeantes avec coups de pouce.

La question du jour

Can art be judged as good or bad, but not as moral or immoral?

Mon plan de travail

Le cours à lire · Aestheticism

When The Picture of Dorian Gray appeared in a magazine in 1890, critics called it immoral. For the 1891 book edition, Wilde added a preface made of aphorisms, a manifesto of Aestheticism. Art has no moral purpose: books are only « well written, or badly written ». The artist « desires to prove » nothing; the meaning is in the eye of the reader: « It is the spectator, and not life, that art really mirrors ». Controversy is a sign of quality: « When critics disagree the artist is in accord with himself ». The last line, « All art is quite useless », is a paradox: art is precious precisely because it serves no practical end.

Document 1 · Oscar Wilde, preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891), extracts

Preface, 1891 (public domain).

The artist is the creator of beautiful things. To reveal art and conceal the artist is art's aim. […] There is no such thing as a moral or an immoral book. Books are well written, or badly written. That is all. […] No artist desires to prove anything. Even things that are true can be proved. No artist has ethical sympathies. An ethical sympathy in an artist is an unpardonable mannerism of style. […] All art is at once surface and symbol. Those who go beneath the surface do so at their peril. Those who read the symbol do so at their peril. It is the spectator, and not life, that art really mirrors. Diversity of opinion about a work of art shows that the work is new, complex, and vital. When critics disagree the artist is in accord with himself. […] All art is quite useless.

Source : O. Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray, preface, 1891 (full text on Wikisource).

Pour bien lire ce document :

conceal: cacher ; ethical sympathies: parti pris moral ; mannerism: maniérisme ; peril: péril ; mirrors: reflète.

Activité 1 · Understand

12 min
Essentiel

Supports : Document 1

Consigne :

Read the aphorisms and answer in English.

  1. What is « art's aim » according to Wilde?
  2. How should books be judged?
  3. What does art really reflect?

Ce qui est attendu (6 pts) : Comprehension

Activité 2 · Analyse

18 min
Essentiel

Supports : Document 1, lesson

Consigne :

Analyse the form of the preface.

  1. Why does Wilde choose aphorisms rather than an argument?
  2. Explain the paradox « All art is quite useless ».
  3. How does the preface answer the critics of 1890?

Ce qui est attendu (7 pts) : Analysis

Activité 3 · Debate

15 min
Travail à rendre

Supports : Document and lesson

Consigne :

Record 2 minutes: « Should a book ever be banned for moral reasons? » Use one aphorism from Wilde.

Ce qui est attendu (7 pts) : Oral production

Trace écrite · document à compléter (papier ou ENT)

Complète la trace écrite avec les mots de la banque, puis recopie-la dans ton cahier.

Aestheticismmoralspectatoruseless

In the preface (1891), Wilde defends ____________: « There is no such thing as a ______ or an immoral book ». Art reflects « the _________, and not life ». « All art is quite _______ » is a paradox.

Séance 2 · The only way to get rid of a temptation: Lord Henry's influence

65 min

Séance approfondie : cours développé, documents sourcés, activités exigeantes avec coups de pouce.

La question du jour

Does the novel contradict its own preface?

Mon plan de travail

Le cours à lire · Influence and temptation

In chapter 2, while the painter Basil Hallward finishes Dorian's portrait, the dandy Lord Henry Wotton speaks to the young man. He claims that « All influence is immoral » because it makes a person « an echo of some one else's music », and preaches self-development and the satisfaction of desire: « The only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it ». His speech works on Dorian like a temptation in a Faustian story: soon Dorian wishes the portrait could age in his place. The irony is that Lord Henry's words are themselves an influence, and they destroy Dorian. The novel thus seems to contradict the preface: art and ideas do have effects.

Document 1 · Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891), chapter 2

Novel, 1891 (public domain).

There is no such thing as a good influence, Mr. Gray. All influence is immoral—immoral from the scientific point of view." "Why?" "Because to influence a person is to give him one's own soul. He does not think his natural thoughts, or burn with his natural passions. His virtues are not real to him. His sins, if there are such things as sins, are borrowed. He becomes an echo of some one else's music, an actor of a part that has not been written for him. The aim of life is self-development. To realize one's nature perfectly—that is what each of us is here for. People are afraid of themselves, nowadays. […] The only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it. Resist it, and your soul grows sick with longing for the things it has forbidden to itself, with desire for what its monstrous laws have made monstrous and unlawful.

Source : O. Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray, ch. 2, 1891 (full text on Wikisource).

Pour bien lire ce document :

borrowed: empruntés ; self-development: épanouissement de soi ; yield: céder ; longing: désir ardent ; unlawful: illicite.

Activité 1 · Understand

12 min
Essentiel

Supports : Document 1

Consigne :

Read the extract and answer in English.

  1. Why is all influence « immoral » for Lord Henry?
  2. What is « the aim of life »?
  3. What is his advice about temptation?

Ce qui est attendu (6 pts) : Comprehension

Activité 2 · Interpret

18 min
Approfondissement

Supports : Documents of the two lessons

Consigne :

Write a paragraph (about 180 words): « The novel contradicts its own preface. » Discuss.

Ce qui est attendu (8 pts) : Written production

Activité 3 · Translate

15 min
Travail à rendre

Supports : Document 1

Consigne :

Translate into French « He becomes an echo of some one else's music, an actor of a part that has not been written for him. »

Ce qui est attendu (6 pts) : Translation

Trace écrite · document à compléter (papier ou ENT)

Complète la trace écrite avec les mots de la banque, puis recopie-la dans ton cahier.

contradictinfluenceyield

Lord Henry says that all _________ is immoral, but his own words corrupt Dorian. He advises: « The only way to get rid of a temptation is to ______ to it ». The novel seems to __________ the preface: ideas have effects.

Fiche à trous · je complète

Complète le texte avec les mots de la banque (sur papier ou dans le document de l'ENT).

moraluselesswrittenyield

Wilde writes: « There is no such thing as a ______ or an immoral book. Books are well written, or badly _______. »

« All art is quite _______. »

Lord Henry says: « The only way to get rid of a temptation is to ______ to it. »

Ce que j'ai appris

Les 3 idées que je retiens :
Une phrase en anglais que je veux retenir :
Ce qui reste difficile pour moi / ma question pour le professeur :