Version prof → LLCER anglais · Lycée général · Tle · Terminale

Séquence 2 · Art for art's sake? Oscar Wilde and the scandal of Dorian Gray

Should art be judged by moral standards?

Repères pour le professeur

Voie · niveauLycée général · Terminale
DisciplineLLCER anglais
Programme officielProgramme d'enseignement de spécialité de langues, littératures et cultures étrangères (anglais) de la classe terminale, BO spécial n°8 du 25 juillet 2019 : « Arts et débats d'idées », « Expression et construction de soi », « Voyages, territoires, frontières » ; épreuve écrite de 3 heures 30 (synthèse et traduction) et oral de 20 minutes sur dossier personnel (note de service, version consolidée de mai 2024).
Place dans le programmeProgramme de spécialité LLCER anglais de terminale (BO spécial n°8 du 25 juillet 2019), thématique « Arts et débats d'idées », axe 2 « L'art qui fait débat » · C1
Durée totale2 séances + 1 évaluation ≈ 3 h 05
ModalitéEnseignement à distance : classe virtuelle + travail autonome + rendu sur l'ENT

Objectifs et capacités

Objectifs

Capacités travaillées (BO)

Notions, lexique et outils d'analyse

Aestheticism, « art for art's sake »aphorism, paradox, epigramdandy, Decadencecensorship, public morality, Victorian valuesinfluence, temptation, Faustian pact

Repères culturels

Ressources de la séquence

Ancrage dans le programme, notions, repères, débats, bibliographie et différenciation, communs à toutes les séances.

Ancrage dans le programme officiel

Axe 2, « L'art qui fait débat » : « Cet axe d'étude permet d'évoquer les querelles esthétiques qui suscitent le débat tant parmi les critiques qu'au sein du public, au point même de semer le doute sur la dimension artistique de l'œuvre. » Les artistes peuvent se positionner selon « qu'ils refusent de se soumettre à des critères non artistiques pour concevoir leur œuvre (comme le suggère Oscar Wilde dans la préface de The Picture of Dorian Gray) ». « La question de la controverse autour de l'œuvre d'art est indissociable de celle de la censure. »

Organisation : « En classe terminale, le programme culturel se décline selon trois thématiques, elles-mêmes subdivisées en axes d'étude. Les thématiques n'ont pas vocation à être traitées de manière consécutive mais de manière croisée pour développer une pensée analytique, indépendante, créative et critique. »

Épreuve (note de service, version consolidée de mai 2024) : partie écrite de 3 heures 30 : « Élaboration d'une synthèse d'un dossier documentaire, guidée par deux ou trois questions ou consignes, en environ 500 mots. » « L'épreuve est notée sur 20 points (synthèse : 16 points ; traduction : 4 points). » Partie orale de 20 minutes sur dossier personnel : « Sans temps de préparation, le candidat présente son dossier dans la langue cible pendant 10 minutes au plus pour en justifier les choix et en exprimer la logique interne, puis interagit avec l'examinateur dans la langue cible pendant 10 minutes au plus. »

Notions : définitions rigoureuses

Aestheticism
Movement (Pater, Wilde, Whistler) for which art has no purpose but beauty: « art for art's sake ».
Aphorism
Short, striking statement of a general truth: the whole preface is made of aphorisms.
Paradox
Statement that seems absurd but contains a truth: « Even things that are true can be proved ».
Dandy
Man who makes his life and appearance a work of art (Lord Henry, Wilde himself).
Decadence
Fin de siècle movement fascinated by refinement, artifice and moral transgression.
Censorship
Control of what may be published; in 1895 the novel was used as evidence against Wilde.

Repères

DateÉvénement
1873Walter Pater, Studies in the History of the Renaissance: the source of English Aestheticism.
1890First version of the novel in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine; hostile reviews.
1891Revised book edition, with the preface (first published in The Fortnightly Review).
1895Wilde's trials; he is sentenced to two years of hard labour.

Les historiens en débat

The preface was Wilde's answer to the critics of the 1890 magazine version. Critics have stressed the paradox of a novel which claims that art has no morality yet ends with a moral catastrophe: Dorian destroys the portrait and himself. Richard Ellmann's biography (1987) and later queer readings have shown how the novel's coded desire was turned against Wilde at his trials; the uncensored typescript was published in 2011. Synthèse du professeur.

Pour aller plus loin

Sources et bibliographie

Différenciation : un rythme de travail différent

Déroulé d'ensemble

SéanceTitreDuréeObjectif
Séance 1There is no such thing as a moral book: the preface65 minanalyser les aphorismes de la préface et la doctrine esthétique de Wilde
Séance 2The only way to get rid of a temptation: Lord Henry's influence65 minanalyser le discours de Lord Henry et la tension entre la préface et le roman
ÉvaluationÉvaluation de fin de séquence (/20)55 minVérifier les acquis : connaissances, capacités, rédaction

Chaque séance dure environ 55 minutes à distance : lancement en classe virtuelle ou par message sur l'ENT, lecture du texte en anglais, questions de compréhension et d'analyse, courte production écrite ou orale (enregistrée), mise en commun et trace écrite. Les élèves renvoient la fiche à trous et leurs productions par l'ENT ou en photo.

Séance 1 · There is no such thing as a moral book: the preface

65 min

Séance approfondie : cours développé, documents sourcés, activités exigeantes, corrigés et barème.

Problématique de la séance

Can art be judged as good or bad, but not as moral or immoral?

Déroulé minuté à distance

Le cours développé (récit du professeur) · Aestheticism

When The Picture of Dorian Gray appeared in a magazine in 1890, critics called it immoral. For the 1891 book edition, Wilde added a preface made of aphorisms, a manifesto of Aestheticism. Art has no moral purpose: books are only « well written, or badly written ». The artist « desires to prove » nothing; the meaning is in the eye of the reader: « It is the spectator, and not life, that art really mirrors ». Controversy is a sign of quality: « When critics disagree the artist is in accord with himself ». The last line, « All art is quite useless », is a paradox: art is precious precisely because it serves no practical end.

Document 1 · Oscar Wilde, preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891), extracts

Preface, 1891 (public domain).

The artist is the creator of beautiful things. To reveal art and conceal the artist is art's aim. […] There is no such thing as a moral or an immoral book. Books are well written, or badly written. That is all. […] No artist desires to prove anything. Even things that are true can be proved. No artist has ethical sympathies. An ethical sympathy in an artist is an unpardonable mannerism of style. […] All art is at once surface and symbol. Those who go beneath the surface do so at their peril. Those who read the symbol do so at their peril. It is the spectator, and not life, that art really mirrors. Diversity of opinion about a work of art shows that the work is new, complex, and vital. When critics disagree the artist is in accord with himself. […] All art is quite useless.

Source : O. Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray, preface, 1891 (full text on Wikisource).

Activité 1 · Understand

12 min
Essentiel

Supports : Document 1

Consigne :

Read the aphorisms and answer in English.

  1. What is « art's aim » according to Wilde?
    ✔ Corrigé :

    « To reveal art and conceal the artist ».

  2. How should books be judged?
    ✔ Corrigé :

    As « well written, or badly written », not as moral or immoral.

  3. What does art really reflect?
    ✔ Corrigé :

    « the spectator, and not life »: each reader projects his own meaning.

Critère de réussitePoints
Comprehension6
Total de l'activité6

Activité 2 · Analyse

18 min
Essentiel

Supports : Document 1, lesson

Consigne :

Analyse the form of the preface.

  1. Why does Wilde choose aphorisms rather than an argument?
    ✔ Corrigé :

    Short, provocative sentences that cannot be discussed point by point; the form is itself a work of art, elegant and witty.

  2. Explain the paradox « All art is quite useless ».
    ✔ Corrigé :

    Useless in a practical sense, but the only excuse for a useless thing is « that one admires it intensely »: art is valued for itself.

  3. How does the preface answer the critics of 1890?
    ✔ Corrigé :

    Critics who find « ugly meanings » are « corrupt »; immorality is in the reader, not in the book.

Critère de réussitePoints
Analysis7
Total de l'activité7

Activité 3 · Debate

15 min
Travail à rendre

Supports : Document and lesson

Consigne :

Record 2 minutes: « Should a book ever be banned for moral reasons? » Use one aphorism from Wilde.

✔ Corrigé rédigé :

Criteria: clear position, arguments and counter-arguments, quotation used relevantly, fluency and accuracy.

Critère de réussitePoints
Oral production7
Total de l'activité7

Trace écrite (à faire recopier ou à déposer sur l'ENT)

In the preface (1891), Wilde defends Aestheticism: « There is no such thing as a moral or an immoral book ». Art reflects « the spectator, and not life ». « All art is quite useless » is a paradox.

Barème récapitulatif des activités notées

ActivitéPoints
Activité 1 · Understand6
Activité 2 · Analyse7
Activité 3 · Debate7
Total20 / 20

Séance 2 · The only way to get rid of a temptation: Lord Henry's influence

65 min

Séance approfondie : cours développé, documents sourcés, activités exigeantes, corrigés et barème.

Problématique de la séance

Does the novel contradict its own preface?

Déroulé minuté à distance

Le cours développé (récit du professeur) · Influence and temptation

In chapter 2, while the painter Basil Hallward finishes Dorian's portrait, the dandy Lord Henry Wotton speaks to the young man. He claims that « All influence is immoral » because it makes a person « an echo of some one else's music », and preaches self-development and the satisfaction of desire: « The only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it ». His speech works on Dorian like a temptation in a Faustian story: soon Dorian wishes the portrait could age in his place. The irony is that Lord Henry's words are themselves an influence, and they destroy Dorian. The novel thus seems to contradict the preface: art and ideas do have effects.

Document 1 · Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891), chapter 2

Novel, 1891 (public domain).

There is no such thing as a good influence, Mr. Gray. All influence is immoral—immoral from the scientific point of view." "Why?" "Because to influence a person is to give him one's own soul. He does not think his natural thoughts, or burn with his natural passions. His virtues are not real to him. His sins, if there are such things as sins, are borrowed. He becomes an echo of some one else's music, an actor of a part that has not been written for him. The aim of life is self-development. To realize one's nature perfectly—that is what each of us is here for. People are afraid of themselves, nowadays. […] The only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it. Resist it, and your soul grows sick with longing for the things it has forbidden to itself, with desire for what its monstrous laws have made monstrous and unlawful.

Source : O. Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray, ch. 2, 1891 (full text on Wikisource).

Activité 1 · Understand

12 min
Essentiel

Supports : Document 1

Consigne :

Read the extract and answer in English.

  1. Why is all influence « immoral » for Lord Henry?
    ✔ Corrigé :

    Because « to influence a person is to give him one's own soul »: his thoughts and passions are no longer his own.

  2. What is « the aim of life »?
    ✔ Corrigé :

    « self-development », « To realize one's nature perfectly ».

  3. What is his advice about temptation?
    ✔ Corrigé :

    To yield to it, otherwise the soul « grows sick with longing ».

Critère de réussitePoints
Comprehension6
Total de l'activité6

Activité 2 · Interpret

18 min
Approfondissement

Supports : Documents of the two lessons

Consigne :

Write a paragraph (about 180 words): « The novel contradicts its own preface. » Discuss.

✔ Corrigé rédigé :

Yes: Lord Henry's speech is an influence which corrupts Dorian, so words have moral effects; the plot ends in crime and death, like a moral fable; but: the preface says meaning is in the spectator, and Dorian chooses his fate; Wilde's irony keeps both views. Quotations, nuance, correct English.

Critère de réussitePoints
Written production8
Total de l'activité8

Activité 3 · Translate

15 min
Travail à rendre

Supports : Document 1

Consigne :

Translate into French « He becomes an echo of some one else's music, an actor of a part that has not been written for him. »

✔ Corrigé rédigé :

Exemple : « Il devient l'écho de la musique d'un autre, l'acteur d'un rôle qui n'a pas été écrit pour lui. » Métaphores conservées.

Critère de réussitePoints
Translation6
Total de l'activité6

Trace écrite (à faire recopier ou à déposer sur l'ENT)

Lord Henry says that all influence is immoral, but his own words corrupt Dorian. He advises: « The only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it ». The novel seems to contradict the preface: ideas have effects.

Barème récapitulatif des activités notées

ActivitéPoints
Activité 1 · Understand6
Activité 2 · Interpret8
Activité 3 · Translate6
Total20 / 20

Fiche à trous · corrigé

Wilde writes: « There is no such thing as a moral or an immoral book. Books are well written, or badly written. »

« All art is quite useless. »

Lord Henry says: « The only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it. »

La version élève contient la même fiche avec une banque de mots (papier ou ENT).

Évaluation de fin de séquence (/20) · barème et corrigé

Évaluation sur 20 en temps limité, sur le modèle de l'épreuve de Terminale : une synthèse guidée en anglais et une traduction d'un court passage (à l'examen, synthèse sur 16 points et traduction sur 4 points), complétées en Première par une question d'analyse. Le corrigé et les critères servent aussi pour l'autoévaluation.

N°QuestionBarèmeCorrigé et critères
1Synthèse, question 1 (about 250 words, in English): « What conception of art does Wilde defend in the preface, and how does Lord Henry's speech illustrate or complicate it? »8 ptsPreface: autonomy of art, beauty, no moral purpose (« no such thing as a moral or an immoral book »), the spectator's responsibility (« It is the spectator, and not life, that art really mirrors »); Lord Henry: self-development, yielding to temptation; but the novel shows the destructive effect of his « influence » on Dorian: tension between the preface and the plot. Quotations and analysis.
2Synthèse, question 2 (about 250 words, in English): « Why did the novel provoke a public debate, and what does this debate reveal about Victorian society? »8 ptsReviews of 1890 accused it of immorality; Wilde revised and added the preface in 1891 as an answer; at his 1895 trials the novel was used against him; Victorian respectability, fear of « influence » and of homosexuality, censorship; the debate shows the conflict between art and public morality. Organised argument, connectors.
3Traduction : translate into French « Diversity of opinion about a work of art shows that the work is new, complex, and vital. When critics disagree the artist is in accord with himself. »4 ptsExemple : « La diversité des opinions sur une œuvre d'art montre que l'œuvre est neuve, complexe et vivante. Quand les critiques sont en désaccord, l'artiste est en accord avec lui-même. » Parallélisme désaccord / accord conservé.
Total20 pts

Pistes pour un rythme de travail différent